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Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies. ICU intensive care unit, SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome, TP true positive, FP false positive, TN true negative, FN false negative, ED emergency department, AuROC area under curve, HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia, NR not reported. * within which 15 patients did not have sample available for analysis, † A total of 117 patients were determined with infection, within which 96 patients were bacterial infection, 16 patients were viral infection and five patients were parasite infection. Soluble TREM-1 was used to diagnose bacterial infections in SIRS

From: Diagnostic value of serum soluble triggering expressed receptor on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM-1) in suspected sepsis: a meta-analysis

StudyCountrySettingStudy DesignPatientsInfection CharacteristicsTest TimingAssay MethodSepsis Prevalence/Mortality (%)Cut-off (pg/mL)Sensitivity/Specificity(%)TPFPFNTNAuROC
Aksaray S et al., 2016 [14]TurkeyMedical-surgical ICUProspective consecutive90 patients with SIRSLung (44.2%) and blood (21%)Within 24 h of admissionELISA (MyBioSource, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA)57.8 (52)/32.7 (17)13371.15/76.3237915290.78
Barati M et al., 2010 [15]IranMedical and surgical ICUProspective consecutive95 patients with SIRS, 37 non-SIRS patients as controlNot reportedUpon admission at ICUQuantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay (Quantikine, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, USA)54.7 (52 in 95)/NR72570/60361716260.65
Brenner T et al., 2016 [16]GermanySurgical ICU and post-operative careRe-analysis of prospective cohort60 patients with septic shock, 30 post-operative control and 30 healthy volunteersGI tract (53.3%), others (30%) and lung (20%); Gram-positive (26.7%), Gram-negative (26.7%)At sepsis onset, 24 h, 4 days, 7 days, 14 days and 28 daysELISA (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)66.7 (60 in 90)/NR3098.3/905931270.955
Dong Y et al., 2012 [17]ChinaEmergency and medical ICUProspective64 patients with SIRSRespiratory (60.5%), abdominal (14%) and biliary tract (5%)Within 24 h of recruitment, day 4 and 7ELISA (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)67.2 (43)/32.5 (14)95.976.7/90.533210190.868
Gamez-Diaz LY et al., 2011 [18]ColombiaEDCross-sectional study with prospective data631 patients with possible sepsis syndrome*CAP (22%), urinary tract (16%) and soft tissue (16%)Within 24 h of the first ED evaluationELISA (Quantikine, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)65.7 (405 in 616)/13.5 (56)13460/59.2243861621250.614
Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ et al., 2008 [19]GreeceICUProspective69 severely injured patients (ISS > 25) with SIRS, 10 patients with ISS > 25 without SIRS as control groupHAP (79%), acute pyelonephritis (7%) or primary gram-negative bacteremia (14%)At admission, day 4, 7 and 15; and within 24 h after the diagnosis of any septic complicationshomemade enzyme immunosorbent assay62.3 (43 in 69)/34.9 (15)4056.5/91.724219240.708
Gibot S et al., 2004 [20]FranceMedical ICUProspective consecutive76 patients with SIRSRespiratory tract (55%), abdominal (22%) and genitourinary tract (11%); 55% gram-negative and 42% gram-positive in 40 microbiological proven patientsWithin 12 h after admissionimmunoblots61.8 (47)/32 (15)60,00096/894532260.97
Gibot S et al., 2012 [21]FranceICUProspective consecutive300 patients with SIRSLung (49.4%), abdomen (12.3%) and Genitourinary (11%); positive microbiological documents in 88 (57%) pats, with 55% gram-positive and 45% gram-negativeWithin 12 h after admissionELISA (Quantikine, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)51.3 (154)/26 (40)75553.2/86.38220721260.73
Halim B et al., 2015 [22]TurkeyHospitalized patientsProspective74 patients with SIRSRespiratory tract (39.4%), GI tract (24.2%) and urinary tract (21%); Gram-positive (21.2%), Gram-negative (60.6%)On day 0 at admissionELISA (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)44.6 (33)/54.5 (18)199.7281.8/73.227116300.826
Kofoed K et al., 2007 [23]DenmarkDepartment of infectious disease and medical EDProspective consecutive151 patients with SIRSRespiratory (60.4%), urinary tract (26%) and GI tract (17%)At inclusionLuminex multiplex assay (Luminex corp. Austin, TX, USA)63.6 (96 in 151†)/NR350082/40793317220.61
Latour-Perez J et al., 2010 [24]SpainGeneral ICUProspective114 patients with SIRSRespiratory (40%), abdominal-pelvis (21%) and urinary (12.5%)As soon as the detection of SIRSELISA (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)63.2 (72)/37.5 (27)463.249/7935937330.62
Li L et al., 2013 [25]ChinaSurgical ICUProspective consecutive52 post-operative patients with SIRS60.5% infected with bacteria, 5.3% with fungi, 28.9% both bacteria and fungi; among 34 patients infected w bacteria, 14 with bacillus, 20 with cocciWithin 12 h after admissionELISA (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)73.1 (38)/48 (25)73.5779/793038110.82
Li Z et al., 2016 [26]ChinaICUProspective consecutive80 patients with SIRS, 25 healthy volunteersRespiratory (48%), urinary tract (22%) and abdominal (14%)First day at admissionELISA (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)62.5 (50 in 80)/30 (15)123.576/76.638712230.862
Rivera-Chavez FA et al., 2009 [27]USASurgical ICUProspective93 patients with SIRS, 15 patients with ISS > 25 without SIRS as control groupLung (60%), abdomen (13%) and blood (12%); 28 (30%) patients with gram-negative isolation, 22 (23%) with gram-positive isolation, and 6 (7%) with fungusWithin 24-36 h after admissionDuoSet enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)60.2 (56 in 93)/11 (6)23098/915541330.97
Song X et al., 2017 [28]ChinaDepartment of gastrointestinal surgeryProspective128 SIRS patients after abdominal operation, and 60 healthy controlsIntestinal fistula (23.5%), gastric fistula (19.1%) and ileus (22.1%)Within 24 h after hospitalizationELISA (Quantikine, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)53.1 (68 in 128)/21.4 (12)113.0680/76541414460.82
Soud DEM et al., 2011 [29]EgyptSurgical ER and ICU of anesthesiaProspective70 trauma patients with SIRS, 10 non-SIRS trauma patients as control groupAbdomen (31.6%), chest (26.3) and urinary (15.8%)Not reportedELISA (Quantikine, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)27.1 (19 in 70)/NR25494.7/91.8184147NR
Su L et al., 2013 [30]ChinaRespiratory, Surgical and Emergency ICUProspective130 patients with SIRSPulmonary (83%), post-operative (31%) and urinary tract (24%); Gram-positive (37%), Gram-negative (81%) and fungi (62%)Within 24 h after admission, and in day 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14ELISA (Quantikine, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)76.9 (100 in 130)/43 (43)64.491/89.69139270.978
Wang H et al., 2011 [31]ChinaICUProspective consecutive56 patients with SIRS, 25 non-SIRS as control groupNot reportedWithin 24 h after hospitalizationELISA (Quantikine, R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA)57.1 (32)/34 (11)13593.8/84.73042200.935
Yang J et al., 2014 [32]ChinaICUProspective70 patients with SIRS, 30 non-SIRS as control groupPneumoniaAt day 1, 4 and 7 of admission in sepsis, at day 1 and 4 in SIRSELISA (Westang Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China)55.7 (39 in 70)/38 (15)172.1578.9/82.13168250.796
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BMC Immunology

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